Revizyon 2023
Sigara içmek çocuk sahibi olma yetimi etkileyebilir mi?
Çoğu insan, sigara içmenin kalp, damar ve akciğer hastalıkları riskini artırdığını bilir. Ancak sigaranın hem erkeklerde hem de kadınlarda doğurganlıkla ilgili sorunlara yol açabileceğini çoğu kişi fark etmez. Sigara kullanımı, erektil disfonksiyon ve gebelik komplikasyonlarının oranını da artırır.
Sigara içmek yumurta veya spermimi etkiler mi?
Sigara dumanındaki nikotin, siyanür ve karbon monoksit gibi kimyasallar, yumurtaların kaybını hızlandırır. Ne yazık ki yumurtalar öldükten sonra yeniden oluşmaz veya yenilenemez. Bu nedenle sigara içen kadınlarda menopoz, içmeyenlere göre 1 ila 4 yıl daha erken gerçekleşir. Sigara içen erkeklerde sperm kalitesi düşebilir; sperm sayısı ve hareketliliği azalabilir, anormal şekilli sperm oranı artabilir. Ayrıca sigara, spermin yumurtayı dölleme yeteneğini de azaltabilir.
Sigara içmek gebe kalma yetimi nasıl etkiler?
Sigara içen kadınlar, sigara içmeyenlere kıyasla daha zor gebe kalır. Hem erkek hem de kadın sigara içicilerde kısırlık oranı, içmeyenlere göre yaklaşık iki kat daha fazladır. Günlük içilen sigara sayısı arttıkça doğurganlıkla ilgili sorun yaşama riski de artar.Tüp bebek (IVF) gibi doğurganlık tedavileri bile sigaranın doğurganlık üzerindeki etkilerini tamamen ortadan kaldıramayabilir. Sigara içen kadınlar IVF sırasında daha fazla yumurtalık uyarıcı ilaç kullanmak zorunda kalabilir, buna rağmen daha az yumurta toplanabilir ve sigara içmeyen IVF hastalarına kıyasla %30 daha düşük gebelik oranları gözlenebilir.
Sigara, yumurta ve spermdeki genetik materyale zarar verdiğinden, sigara içenlerde düşük ve doğumsal kusur oranı daha yüksektir. Dumansız tütün ürünleri de düşük oranlarını artırır. Elektronik sigara (vaping) kullanımı da gebelik ve bebek için riskler oluşturabilir. Sigara içen kadınların, sigara içmeyenlere göre kromozom anomalisi (örneğin Down sendromu) olan gebeliklere sahip olma olasılığı daha yüksektir. Dış gebelik ve erken doğum da sigara içen kadınlarda daha sık görülmektedir.
Sigara çocuklarımı etkileyebilir mi?
Annesi günde yarım paket veya daha fazla sigara içen erkek çocukların sperm sayılarının daha düşük olduğu bulunmuştur. Gebelik sırasında sigara içilmesi, doğmamış bebekte büyüme kısıtlılığına neden olabilir. Beklenenden düşük doğum ağırlığıyla doğan çocuklar, yaşamlarının ilerleyen dönemlerinde diyabet, obezite ve kalp-damar hastalıkları gibi sağlık sorunları açısından daha yüksek risk altındadır. Sigara içen ebeveynlerin çocuklarında ani bebek ölümü sendromu (SIDS) ve astım gelişme riski de artar.
Ben sigara içmiyorum ama partnerim içiyor. Bu pasif içicilik doğurganlığımı etkileyebilir mi?
Pasif içiciliğe maruz kalan kadınlar, kendileri sigara içmeseler bile yukarıda belirtilen tüm sağlık risklerinden etkilenebilir.
Sigarayı bırakırsam gebe kalma ve sağlıklı bir hamilelik geçirme şansım artar mı?
Evet. Sigarayı bırakmak doğurganlığı artırabilir, ancak yumurta rezervindeki azalma geri döndürülemez. Sigara kaynaklı gebelik komplikasyonlarının görülme oranı, kişi sigara içmediği sürece zamanla azalır.Sigarayı bırakmak çok zor olabilir, ancak araştırmalar bir sağlık uzmanı ve/veya destek grubuyla birlikte çalışmanın bırakma başarısını artırdığını göstermektedir. Nikotin sakızı, bant gibi ürünler veya bupropion adlı reçeteli ilacın geçici kullanımı sigarayı bırakma oranlarını artırabilir ve gerekirse gebe kalmaya çalışırken kullanılabilir. Bu ürünlerin gebelikte kullanımı genellikle önerilmez, ancak sağlık uzmanınızla birlikte risk ve faydaları değerlendirerek gebelikte kullanımı düşünülebilir.
Turkish Fact Sheets
View more fact sheets and booklets written by the ASRM Patient Education Committee and translated by the Turkish Society of Reproductive Medicine.Resources For You
The American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) is committed to providing patients with the highest quality information about reproductive care.
Advocacy Resources
ASRM has prepared resources to help you explain and advocate for reproductive rights and the continuation of in vitro fertilization and other fertility treatments.
Frequently Asked Questions
ASRM's Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) provides answers to common questions about reproductive health.
Patient Journeys
ASRM has resources and publications to help you through each stage of your journey.
State and Territory Infertility Insurance Laws
One way that ASRM works to improve access to fertility care is by advocating for insurance coverage for reproductive medicine care. All patients should have access to the care they need.
Fact Sheets and Infographics
ASRM produces a series of fact sheets and booklets on various topics related to infertility, reproductive health, and family planning. The fact sheets and booklets are available in English, Spanish, and Chinese.
Reproductive Rights and You
The Dobbs decision has sparked a litany of changes in state laws across the nation, and more are expected. We need your help!
Reproductive Topics
Find all the resources on a specific topic compiled onto a single page.
SART Fertility Experts Podcast
An educational project of ASRM's affiliated society, the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART), this series is designed to provide up to date information about a variety of topics related to fertility testing and treatment such as IVF.
Patient Education Videos
ASRM and its affiliated society SART have made several videos to explain the sometimes difficult topics related to reproductive medicine.
Terms and Definitions
Find explanations for the meaning behind the doctor-speak you hear when trying to research reproductive medicine topics. ASRM has defined the most popular terms in easy to understand language.
Patient Stories
Read real-life stories from patients who have faced reproductive medicine challenges and come out stronger on the other side.
Fertility in the News
ASRM Press Releases and Bulletins are published by ASRM's Office of Public Affairs to inform the world about important happenings in reproductive medicine and at ASRM.
Infertility
SART Fertility Experts - Ovarian Insufficiency at 25: Finding Hope Through Donor Eggs
Hear Emily Patel’s journey with premature ovarian insufficiency, donor egg IVF, and family building, offering hope and support to women facing infertility. Listen to the Episode
New National Study Finds Broad Public Support for IVF Access and Insurance Coverage
New national study finds 74.2% of Americans support IVF access and 64.6% support state-required insurance coverage for fertility treatment. View the Press Release
SART Fertility Experts - Behind the Breakthroughs: Understanding Fertility Research
SART Fertility Experts explores reproductive research, evidence-based fertility care, IVF advances, clinical trials, peer review, and future infertility treatments. Listen to the Episode
SART Fertility Experts: Complimentary and Integrative Medicine in Reproductive Care and Infertility Treatment
Explore how acupuncture and naturopathic care support IVF, endometriosis, and fertility in this ASRM expert talk on integrative reproductive medicine. Listen to the Episode
Follow the Science: An Evidence-Based, Science-Driven Response to Infertility
A science-based infertility evaluation and treatment guide, grounded in clinical best practices, counters ideologically driven alternatives like RRM. View the advocacy resource
National Infertility Awareness Week
April 18-24, 2027, is National Infertility Awareness Week (NIAW)!
View the NIAW Toolkit
SART Fertility Experts - Military Families and Fertility
Active-duty individuals in the military sometimes face unique circumstances when seeking fertility care. Learn more with a former military fertility physician. Listen to the Episode
SART Fertility Experts - Q&A on Infertility
Infertility can create many questions for a patient. Listen to common questions and answers about infertility, egg freezing, and genetic testing. Listen to the Episode
SART Fertility Experts - Environmental Impacts on Fertility
In this episode, the fertility experts discuss the impact of the environment, including air, climate, and chemical exposures on infertility. Listen to the Episode
SART Fertility Experts - Recurrent Pregnancy Loss and Implantation Failure
"I can get pregnant, but I can't stay pregnant," is echoed by patients with recurrent pregnancy loss. Listen to the Episode
SART Fertility Experts - Wellness and Fertility: Diet, Sleep and Exercise
Drs. Timothy Hickman and Rashmi Kudesia discuss the links between lifestyle and fertility. Listen to the Episode
SART Fertility Experts - Navigating IVF as a Couple
Mary Casey Jacob, PhD is interviewed by Dr. Daniel Grow, and together they explore the emotional and practical support that couples need. Listen to the Episode
Male Fertility Journey
About 20% of infertility cases are due to a male factor alone. Another 30% involves both male and female factors.
View the Patient Journey
Female Fertility Journey
If you've been trying to get pregnant for more than a year, you may have infertility. Infertility is a disease of the reproductive system that impairs one of the body's most basic functions: the conception of children.
View the Patient Journey
Stress and infertility
It is not clear how exactly stress impacts fertility. Read the Fact Sheet
Hyperprolactinemia (High Prolactin Levels)
Prolactin is a hormone produced by your pituitary gland which sits at the bottom of the brain. Read the fact sheet
Optimizing Natural Fertility
Before attempting pregnancy, a woman should make sure she is healthy enough for pregnancy by adopting a healthier lifestyle and taking prenatal vitamins. If she has a medical or genetic condition or risk of one, she should seek advice from a medical professional before conceiving (becoming pregnant) View the fact sheet
Optimizing Male Fertility
About 20% of infertility cases are due to a male factor alone. Another 30% involves both male and female factors. View the fact sheet
Defining Infertility
Infertility is “the inability to conceive after 12 months of unprotected intercourse.” View the Fact Sheet
Fertility Rights and Responsibilities
Can a fertility program or clinic deny treatment to patient(s) if there is concern about the ability to care for the child(ren)? Yes. Fertility programs can withhold services if there are signs that patients will not be able to care for child(ren). View this Fact Sheet
Male Fertility Evaluation: What do I need to know?
Infertility is the inability to achieve pregnancy after one year of unprotected sex. View the fact sheet
Smoking and infertility
Most people understand that smoking increases the risk for heart, vascular, and lung disease. View the fact sheet
What are fibroids?
Uterine fibroids (also called myomas or leiomyomas) are benign (noncancerous) tumors of muscle tissue found in the uterus. View the fact sheet
What is In Vitro Maturation (IVM)?
In vitro maturation (IVM) is when a woman’s eggs are collected and matured outside the body. This is done as part of an in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedure. View the fact sheet
SART Fertility Experts - Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a condition that can affect many facets of a person’s life, from pelvic pain to struggles with infertility. Listen to the Episode
SART Fertility Experts - Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Candace discusses her experience with infertility, IVF, multiple pregnancy losses and ultimately a successful delivery with Dr. Julia Woodward.Listen to the Episode
SART Fertility Experts - Financial Aspects of Infertility Treatment
“I know what treatment I want and need to do, but how can I afford it?” This is a common question infertility patients often ask themselves. Listen to the Episode
SART Fertility Experts - Infertility Advocacy and Government Affairs
In today's episode, Dr. Mark Trolice interviews Sean Tipton about the fact that many infertility patients do not have insurance coverage for treatment. Listen to the Episode
SART Fertility Experts - Your Infertility Nurse: Partner in Your Care
Infertility nurse practitioner and health coach Monica Moore explains the essential role of the infertility nurse in the IVF process. Listen to the Episode
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
A procedure called intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) can be done along with in vitro fertilization (IVF) if a sperm cannot penetrate the outer layer of an egg. Read the Fact Sheet
SART Fertility Experts - IVF: Cycles of Hope and Heartbreak
Does stress cause infertility or is it the other way round? Listen to the Episode
SART Fertility Experts - RESOLVE and Infertility
Due to the unique stress of infertility, patients often look for resources and support in addition to those provided by their medical provider. Listen to the Episode
What is Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL)?
This is a condition when a woman has 2 or more clinical pregnancy losses (miscarriages) before the pregnancies reach 20 weeks. View the fact sheet
Saline infusion sonohysterogram (SHG)
Saline infusion sonohysterography (SIS or SHG) is aprocedure to evaluate the uterus and the shape of the uterine cavity. View the fact sheet
Testosterone use and male infertility
Testosterone (also referred to as “T”) is a hormone produced in men by the testes (testicles). View the fact sheet
What is Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (Previously Called Premature Ovarian Failure)?
When a woman’s ovaries stop working before age 40, she is said to have premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). View the fact sheet
SART Fertility Experts - Safe Surfing: The Pros and Perils of Social Media
Dr. Kenan Omurtag, MD joins host Dr. Mark Trolice to discuss the use of social media in the field of infertility. Listen to the Episode
SART Fertility Experts - What is an REI?
These experts in infertility lead IVF programs, perform reproductive surgery, and perform research to enhance the field of reproductive medicine. Listen to the Episode
SART Fertility Experts Teaser
An educational project of SART, this series is designed to provide up-to-date information about various topics related to fertility testing and treatment.
Listen to the Episode
Stress and Infertility
Medical procedures, cost, outcome uncertainty, and unwanted or unhelpful advice from friends and family are stressors associated with infertility treatment. Watch Video
Infertility: an Overview (booklet)
Infertility is typically defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy after one year of unprotected intercourse. View the booklet
Male Fertility and Infertility - a patient education video
Male Factor Infertility is responsible for about 30% of infertility cases and can contribute infertility to an additional 20% of cases. Watch Video
Infertility
Infertility is the result of a disease (an interruption, cessation, or disorder of body functions, systems, or organs) of the male or female reproductive tract which prevents the conception of a child or the ability to carry a pregnancy to delivery. Watch Video
Basic Infertility Evaluation
Dr. Roger Lobo of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine discusses the various methods to evaluate infertility. Watch Video
Fibroid Tumors
An educational video that answers patient questions about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and management of uterine fibroids. Watch Video
Infertility Treatments
Dr. Roger Lobo of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine discusses the various treatments for infertility. Watch Video
Understanding Fertility
In this video series, Dr. Roger Lobo explains the basics of infertility, including causes, treatments and coping methods. Watch Video
Surviving the Roller Coaster Emotions of Infertility Treatment
The experience of infertility is a rollercoaster of hope and disappointment. Treatment presents an opportunity for hope as well as a new set of challenges. Watch Video
Sexual dysfunction and infertility
Sexual dysfunction is a problem in a person’s sexual desire, arousal, or orgasm. View the fact sheet
Coping With Infertility
Dr. Roger Lobo of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine discusses various methods of coping with infertility. Watch Video
Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a condition in which endometrial tissue, which normally lines the uterus, develops outside of the uterine cavity in abnormal locations. Watch Video
Causes of Female Infertility
Dr. Roger Lobo, of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine explains the causes of female infertility. Watch Video
Age and Fertility (booklet)
Generally, reproductive potential decreases as women get older, and fertility can be expected to end 5 to 10 years before menopause. View the Booklet
Causes of Male Infertility
Dr. Roger Lobo, of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine explains the causes of male infertility. Watch Video
FAQ About Infertility
Infertility is not an inconvenience; it's a disease of the reproductive system. Learn the facts
FAQ About the Psychological Component of Infertility
Infertility often creates one of the most distressing life crises that a couple has ever experienced together. Learn the facts
Mary Dolan's Story
I was diagnosed with diminished ovarian reserve/premature ovarian failure at 28 years old.
Read the story
Infertility Infographics
ASRM has prepared infographics to illustrate the subject of Infertility better. View the infographicsSmoking
Smoking and infertility
Most people understand that smoking increases the risk for heart, vascular, and lung disease. View the fact sheet
Sperm morphology (shape): Does it affect fertility?
The most common test of a man’s fertility is a semen analysis. View the fact sheet
What is Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL)?
This is a condition when a woman has 2 or more clinical pregnancy losses (miscarriages) before the pregnancies reach 20 weeks. View the fact sheet
Preparing for In Vitro Fertilization (IVF): Lifestyle Factors
This SART micro-video discusses lifestyle factors that may affect in vitro fertilization, or IVF, outcomes. Watch VideoFind a Health Professional
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